In the AEM (Anion Exchange Membrane) water electrolysis system, DiffuCarb™ E101 NiFeOx-carbon paper electrodes (AEMWE) have become a research focus due to their excellent catalytic performance and cost-effectiveness. These electrodes can also be used in ALK water electrolysis.

DiffuCarb™ E101 NiFeOx-carbon paper electrodes (AEMWE) are specifically designed for alkaline water electrolysis hydrogen production and offer a high cost-performance ratio.

Platinum-coated carbon paper uses our standard F200P platinum-coated carbon paper (approximately 0.2mm thick), with a platinum loading of 0.5mg/cm² by default. Custom options include Toray (030/060/090/120/050/1.1), AvCarb (MGL190/280/370), CP-H450/H850, platinum-coated carbon paper, titanium fiber paper, nickel fiber paper, and platinum-coated titanium fiber paper.

Below are the design details of this electrode and its characteristics with different carbon paper and binder combinations:

Electrode Design and Material Selection

NiFeOx Catalyst

• Function and Advantages: NiFeOx is a widely recognized low-cost, high-activity catalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In alkaline water electrolysis environments, it exhibits excellent electrochemical stability and catalytic activity, making it an effective catalyst for OER.
• Catalytic Mechanism: The synergistic effect between Ni and Fe elements enhances the OER activity, making NiFeOx widely used in alkaline water electrolysis applications.

Carbon Paper

• F200R Raw Carbon Paper: This carbon paper is untreated, maintaining its original conductivity and structural strength. It is typically used for low-cost, high-performance electrode designs, suitable for both laboratory research and industrial applications requiring large-area electrodes.
• F200T Hydrophobic Carbon Paper: F200R raw carbon paper is treated with PTFE hydrophobic treatment.
• F200P Platinum-Coated Carbon Paper: Platinum is coated onto F200R raw carbon paper, significantly improving conductivity and surface stability. The platinum coating enhances the electrode's overall performance, durability, and conductivity, making it suitable for high-performance water electrolysis applications.

Binder Selection

• PTFE Binder with F200T Hydrophobic Carbon Paper: PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) binder has excellent hydrophobicity and chemical stability, making it suitable for use in alkaline electrolytes. It enhances the electrode's mechanical strength and durability while providing some hydrophobic properties to prevent excessive water from entering the electrode pores, ensuring gas diffusion.
• Nafion Binder with F200P Platinum-Coated Carbon Paper: Nafion is a proton-conducting polymer, traditionally used in acidic environments, but also performs well in alkaline conditions. Nafion binder firmly bonds the catalyst and provides ion conductivity, improving the electrode's overall electrochemical performance.

Electrode Characteristics with Different Material Combinations

• NiFeOx + F200R Raw Carbon Paper + PTFE Binder

  • Cost-Effective: Suitable for laboratory research and large-scale applications. It offers low cost while providing adequate conductivity and catalytic activity.
  • Hydrophobicity: PTFE binder's hydrophobicity helps with water management, preventing flooding of the electrode surface and ensuring efficient gas diffusion and removal of reaction products.
  • Applicability: Suitable for low-cost AEM water electrolysis systems with less stringent performance requirements.

• NiFeOx + F200P Platinum-Coated Carbon Paper + Nafion Binder

  • High Performance: The platinum-coated carbon paper provides better conductivity and durability, while Nafion binder offers better adhesion and ion conductivity, making it suitable for applications requiring high current densities and efficient electrolysis reactions.
  • Applications: Ideal for high-performance water electrolysis systems, such as efficient hydrogen production devices or commercial electrolyzers.

PTFE-Enhanced NiFeOx-Carbon Paper Electrodes in Water Electrolysis

High-Temperature Performance:
PTFE has exceptional high-temperature resistance, with a melting point of around 327°C, much higher than many other binder materials. This allows PTFE to maintain its structural and chemical stability even at temperatures up to 150°C or higher, preventing decomposition or failure. Therefore, electrodes with PTFE can maintain long-term stability during high-temperature water electrolysis, avoiding material degradation and catalyst failure due to elevated temperatures.

Chemical Stability and Corrosion Resistance:
PTFE's high chemical inertness makes it highly resistant to strong acids, bases, and oxidizing agents. This is especially important in the high pH environment of water electrolysis, where electrodes are exposed to strong alkaline and oxidative conditions. PTFE acts as an effective protective layer, preventing corrosion or oxidation of the electrode substrate and catalyst, thereby improving the electrode's durability and lifespan.

Hydrophobicity and Gas Management:
The DiffuCarb™ E101T NiFeOx-carbon paper electrode (AEMWE) provides the right level of hydrophobicity. PTFE's hydrophobicity helps manage water and gas distribution during electrolysis. Its surface characteristics reduce water retention within the electrode, preventing clogging of the electrode pores. This ensures efficient release of oxygen and hydrogen gases during the reaction, preventing gas blockage and enhancing the OER efficiency and overall electrolysis performance.

Prevention of Over-Oxidation:
At high operating potentials, electrodes face the risk of over-oxidation. PTFE's protective effect reduces direct contact between oxidants and the electrode material, preventing catalyst and carbon paper substrate oxidation. This protective mechanism extends the electrode's lifespan, maintaining high catalytic activity and electrochemical stability.

Enhanced Mechanical Strength and Wear Resistance:
PTFE's high mechanical strength and wear resistance are crucial in high-temperature and high-current-density operations. The protective layer formed on the electrode surface effectively prevents catalyst particle detachment and mechanical damage to the substrate, ensuring the electrode's integrity and reliability in high-temperature and high-pressure environments.

Performance in High-Temperature Water Electrolysis Applications

In high-temperature water electrolysis systems (such as industrial hydrogen production and wastewater treatment), efficient operation and long-term stability are critical. Electrodes with PTFE binder can effectively meet these challenges. PTFE's high-temperature and corrosion resistance not only prolong the lifespan of the equipment and reduce maintenance needs, but also improve the system's overall economy and reliability. Furthermore, PTFE's thermal stability ensures that the electrodes maintain optimal electrochemical performance in high-temperature, high-efficiency environments, supporting more efficient hydrogen production and other water electrolysis applications.

By using PTFE binder in NiFeOx-carbon paper electrodes, the electrodes achieve exceptional high-temperature stability, corrosion resistance, and mechanical strength. These properties make PTFE-enhanced electrodes perform excellently in AEM water electrolysis systems, especially in high-temperature, high-efficiency industrial applications such as hydrogen production and wastewater treatment systems. The comprehensive advantages of PTFE not only improve the electrode's performance and durability but also ensure stable operation under harsh conditions, making it an ideal choice for high-performance water electrolysis technologies.

Summary

• F200R Raw Carbon Paper with PTFE Binder: This electrode option is cost-effective, suitable for wide-ranging research and large-scale applications, offering good electrochemical performance and water management capabilities.
• F200P Platinum-Coated Carbon Paper with Nafion Binder: This electrode provides higher conductivity and electrochemical activity, suitable for high-efficiency and durable performance in demanding applications.

By adjusting the type of carbon paper and binder selection, electrode performance can be optimized to meet the requirements of different AEM water electrolysis systems.

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Note: F200T is hydrophobic carbon paper, while F200PT is platinum-coated carbon paper (default 0.1 mg/cm² Pt).

For AEM applications, users can customize other types of binders, such as Fumion, PiperION, etc.

The thickness of the carbon paper substrate can be customized: 0.1-1.5 mm. Brand customization is available: Fueiceel®, Toray, AvCarb, etc.

The following information can be customized according to user requirements:

1.Catalyst loading
2.Types and models of catalyst brands

3.Brands, models, and ratios of ionomers or binders

4.Brands and models of carbon paper, etc.

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Partial references citing our materials (from Google Scholar)

Carbon Dioxide Reduction

1. ACS Nano Strain Relaxation in Metal Alloy Catalysts Steers the Product Selectivity of Electrocatalytic CO₂ Reduction

The bipolar membrane (Fumasep FBM) in this paper was purchased from SCI Materials Hub, which was used in rechargeable Zn-CO₂ battery tests. The authors reported a strain relaxation strategy to determine lattice strains in bimetal MNi alloys (M = Pd, Ag, and Au) and realized an outstanding CO₂-to-CO Faradaic efficiency of 96.6% with outstanding activity and durability toward a Zn-CO₂ battery.

2. Front. Chem. Boosting Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction on Atomically Dispersed Nickel Catalyst

In this paper, Vulcan XC-72R was purchased from SCI Materials Hub. Vulcan XC 72R carbon is the most common catalyst support used in the anode and cathode electrodes of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC), Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC), Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFC), Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC), Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC), and many more!

3. Adv. Mater. Partially Nitrided Ni Nanoclusters Achieve Energy-Efficient Electrocatalytic CO₂ Reduction to CO at Ultralow Overpotential

An AEM membrane (Sustainion X37-50 Grade RT, purchased from SCI Materials Hub) was activated in 1 M KOH for 24 h, washed with ultra-purity water prior to use.

4. Adv. Funct. Mater. Nanoconfined Molecular Catalysts in Integrated Gas Diffusion Electrodes for High-Current-Density CO₂ Electroreduction

In this paper (Supporting Information), an anion exchanged membrane (Fumasep FAB-PK-130 obtained from SCI Materials Hub (www.scimaterials.cn)) was used to separate the catholyte and anolyte chambers.

SCI Materials Hub: we also recommend our Fumasep FAB-PK-75 for the use in a flow cell.

5. Appl. Catal. B Efficient utilization of nickel single atoms for CO₂ electroreduction by constructing 3D interconnected nitrogen-doped carbon tube network

In this paper, the Nafion 117 membrane was obtained from SCI Materials Hub.

6. Vacuum Modulable Cu(0)/Cu(I)/Cu(II) sites of Cu/C catalysts derived from MOF for highly selective CO₂ electroreduction to hydrocarbons

In this paper, Proton exchange membrane (Nafion 117), Nafion D520, and Toray 060 carbon paper were purchased from SCI Materials Hub.

7. National Science Review Confinement of ionomer for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction via efficient mass transfer pathways

An anion exchange membrane (PiperION-A15-HCO3) was obtained from SCI Materials Hub.

8. Catalysis Communications Facilitating CO2 electroreduction to C2H4 through facile regulating {100} & {111} grain boundary of Cu2O

Carbon paper (TGPH060), membrane solution (Nafion D520), and ionic membrane (Nafion N117) were obtained from Wuhu Eryi Material Technology Co., Ltd (a company under SCI Materials Hub).

Batteries

1. J. Mater. Chem. A Blocking polysulfides with a Janus Fe3C/N-CNF@RGO electrode via physiochemical confinement and catalytic conversion for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries

Graphene oxide (GO) in this paper was obtained from SCI Materials Hub. The authors introduced a Janus Fe3C/N-CNF@RGO electrode consisting of 1D Fe3C decorated N-doped carbon nanofibers (Fe3C/N-CNFs) side and 2D reduced graphene oxide (RGO) side as the free-standing carrier of Li2S6 catholyte to improve the overall electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries.

2. Joule A high-voltage and stable zinc-air battery enabled by dual-hydrophobic-induced proton shuttle shielding

This paper used more than 10 kinds of materials from SCI Materials Hub and the authors gave detailed properity comparsion.

The commercial IEMs of Fumasep FAB-PK-130 and Nafion N117 were obtained from SCI Materials Hub.

Gas diffusion layers of GDL340 (CeTech) and SGL39BC (Sigracet) and Nafion dispersion (Nafion D520) were obtained from SCI Materials Hub.

Zn foil (100 mm thickness) and Zn powder were obtained from the SCI Materials Hub.

Commercial 20% Pt/C, 40% Pt/C and IrO2 catalysts were also obtained from SCI Materials Hub.

3. Journal of Energy Chemistry Vanadium oxide nanospheres encapsulated in N-doped carbon nanofibers with morphology and defect dual-engineering toward advanced aqueous zinc-ion batteries

In this paper, carbon cloth (W0S1011) was obtained from SCI Materials Hub. The flexible carbon cloth matrix guaranteed the stabilization of the electrode and improved the conductivity of the cathode.

4. Energy Storage Materials Defect-abundant commercializable 3D carbon papers for fabricating composite Li anode with high loading and long life

The 3D carbon paper (TGPH060 raw paper) were purchased from SCI Materials Hub.

5. Nanomaterials A Stable Rechargeable Aqueous Zn–Air Battery Enabled by Heterogeneous MoS2 Cathode Catalysts

Nafion D520 (5 wt%), and carbon paper (GDL340) were received from SCI-Materials-Hub.

6. SSRN An Axially Directed Cobalt-Phthalocyanine Covalent Organic Polymer as High-Efficient Bifunctional Catalyst for Zn-Air Battery

Carbon cloth (W0S1011) and other electrochemical consumables required for air cathode were provided by SCI Materials Hub.

Oxygen Reduction Reaction

1. J. Chem. Eng. Superior Efficiency Hydrogen Peroxide Production in Acidic Media through Epoxy Group Adjacent to Co-O/C Active Centers on Carbon Black

In this paper, Vulcan XC 72 carbon black, ion membrane (Nafion N115, 127 μL), Nafion solution (D520, 5 wt%), and carbon paper (AvCarb GDS 2230 and Spectracarb 2050A-1050) were purchased from SCI Materials Hub.

2. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science Gaining insight into the impact of electronic property and interface electrostatic field on ORR kinetics in alloy engineering via theoretical prognostication and experimental validation

The 20 wt% Pt3M (M = Cr, Co, Cu, Pd, Sn, and Ir) were purchased from SCI Materials Hub. This work places emphasis on the kinetics of the ORR concerning Pt3M (M = Cr, Co, Cu, Pd, Sn, and Ir) catalysts, and integrates theoretical prognostication and experimental validation to illuminate the fundamental principles of alloy engineering.

Water Electrolysis

1. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy Gold as an efficient hydrogen isotope separation catalyst in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis

The cathodic catalysts of Pt/C (20 wt%, 2–3 nm) and Au/C (20 wt%, 4–5 nm) were purchased from SCI Materials Hub.

2. Small Science Silver Compositing Boosts Water Electrolysis Activity and Durability of RuO2 in a Proton-Exchange-Membrane Water Electrolyzer

Two fiber felts (0.35 mm thickness, SCI Materials Hub) were used as the porous transport layers at both the cathode and the anode.

3. Advanced Functional Materials Hierarchical Crystalline/Amorphous Heterostructure MoNi/NiMoOx for Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution with Industry-Level Activity and Stability

Anion-exchange membrane (FAA-3-PK-130) was obtained from SCI Materials Hub website.

Fuel Cells

1. Polymer Sub-two-micron ultrathin proton exchange membrane with reinforced mechanical strength

Gas diffusion electrode (60% Pt/C, Carbon paper) was purchased from SCI Materials Hub.

Characterization

1. Chemical Engineering Journal Electrochemical reconstitution of Prussian blue analogue for coupling furfural electro-oxidation with photo-assisted hydrogen evolution reaction

An Au nanoparticle film was deposited on the total reflecting plane of a single reflection ATR crystal (SCI Materials Hub, Wuhu, China) via sputter coater.