In battery materials research, many key reactions do not occur under static conditions. Phase transitions of electrode materials, formation of interfacial films, electrolyte decomposition, evolution of intermediates, and structural changes of active materials often take place during charge and discharge. Traditional disassembly-based testing can only provide offline results at a specific state, while in-situ Raman testing enables real-time observation of material and interfacial changes during battery operation. Therefore, it is more suitable for studying reaction mechanisms, failure processes, and electrode structural evolution.
The Fueiceel® EC600a7 In-situ Raman Battery Cell Fixture is a dedicated test fixture for electrochemical in-situ Raman characterization. It features a corrosion-resistant titanium cell body, quartz or sapphire optical window, PTFE / fluororubber sealing structure, and elastic pressure assembly. It can be used for in-situ Raman testing of various systems, including lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, metal anode batteries, and aqueous batteries.
The EC600a7 adopts a compact cylindrical battery fixture structure. The middle section serves as the reaction chamber, and the top is equipped with a transparent optical window. The Raman laser can enter the cell through the window and directly collect Raman signals from the electrode surface close to the window.
Inside the fixture, a spring and metal spacer provide stable pressure, keeping the cathode, separator, and anode in good contact. O-rings, PTFE, or fluororubber gaskets are used for sealing. Copper posts on both sides are connected to an external electrochemical workstation, enabling simultaneous electrochemical testing and Raman spectral acquisition.
| Item | Parameter |
|---|---|
| Product Model | Fueiceel® EC600a7 |
| Product Name | In-situ Raman Battery Test Fixture |
| Cell Body Material | Corrosion-resistant titanium |
| Window Material | Quartz or sapphire |
| Sealing Gasket | PTFE or fluororubber |
| Window Diameter | Ø10 mm |
| Cell Body Size | Ø52 mm × Height 24 mm |
| Reaction Chamber Inner Diameter | Ø20 mm |
| Main Application | In-situ Raman testing for multiple battery systems |
The EC600a7 can be used for in-situ Raman studies of various battery and electrochemical systems. It is suitable for observing changes in electrode materials, electrolytes, interfacial films, and intermediates during electrochemical processes.
| Test System | Typical Research Direction |
|---|---|
| Lithium-ion batteries | Structural evolution of cathode and anode materials, lithiation / delithiation processes, and interfacial side reactions |
| Sodium-ion batteries | Sodium-ion insertion mechanisms, phase transitions of layered oxides, and interfacial changes of hard carbon anodes |
| Potassium-ion batteries | Large-radius ion insertion processes and electrode structural stability |
| Lithium metal batteries | Lithium deposition / stripping behavior, SEI film formation, and dendrite-related interfacial changes |
| Sodium metal batteries | Metallic sodium interfacial reactions, deposition morphology, and electrolyte decomposition |
| Lithium-sulfur batteries | Evolution of polysulfide intermediates and analysis of sulfur cathode reaction pathways |
| Aqueous zinc-ion batteries | Zinc deposition, interfacial side reactions, and structural changes in aqueous electrolytes |
| Supercapacitors / electrochemical capacitors | Electrode surface adsorption, ion transport, and interfacial structure changes |
| Electrocatalytic systems | Surface intermediates, adsorbed species, and reaction pathways on catalytic electrodes |
In actual testing, proper assembly should be carried out according to the electrode size, separator size, electrolyte system, optical transmission range of the window, and available space in the reaction chamber.
The EC600a7 consists of an optical window assembly, reaction chamber assembly, electrode assembly, elastic pressure assembly, insulation and sealing assembly, and external conductive assembly.
| Module | Components |
|---|---|
| Optical window assembly | Window cover, quartz / sapphire window, window sealing gasket |
| Reaction chamber assembly | Titanium reaction chamber, O-ring, reaction chamber sealing groove |
| Electrode system | Cathode, separator, anode |
| Pressure assembly | Metal spacer, spring |
| Insulation assembly | Insulating column, PTFE gasket, T-shaped insulating sleeve |
| Bottom and conductive assembly | Base, fastening screws, copper conductive posts |
This modular layout is more compact than listing all individual parts separately and is also more suitable for display on a product detail page.
The core principle of the EC600a7 is that the Raman laser passes through the top quartz or sapphire window and enters the battery, irradiating the electrode surface close to the window. As the battery charges and discharges, the Raman spectrometer can collect real-time signal changes from electrode materials, interfacial products, or electrolyte-related species.
To obtain more effective Raman signals, it is recommended that the electrode close to the window be a self-supporting electrode, such as carbon paper, carbon cloth, active material-loaded metal mesh, or active material-loaded metal foam. Self-supporting electrodes do not require thick current collectors that may block the optical path, allowing the laser to reach the active electrode surface more easily. This also helps improve the stability and repeatability of in-situ signals.
If conventional coated electrodes are used, the testing surface should face the window. Thick current collectors, overly thick coatings, or opaque substrates that may block the optical path should be avoided as much as possible.
Take out the metal reaction chamber and locate the annular sealing groove at the upper end of the chamber. Press the O-ring completely into the groove. During installation, make sure the O-ring is not twisted, lifted, or locally compressed. The condition of the O-ring directly affects the subsequent sealing performance.
Turn over the reaction chamber with the O-ring installed, so that the window side faces downward and the chamber is placed steadily. At this point, the inside of the reaction chamber faces upward, making it convenient to load the electrode and separator in sequence.
Use tweezers to place the cathode into the reaction chamber, with the testing surface facing the lower window. Then place the separator, ensuring that it completely covers the cathode surface. Finally, place the anode. Keep the cathode, separator, and anode centered and aligned to avoid edge misalignment or direct contact.
Place the insulating column vertically into the reaction chamber so that it contacts the back side of the anode. Then place the metal spacer into the center of the insulating column, followed by the spring. The spring provides continuous pressure, keeping the electrode and separator in close contact and reducing interfacial impedance.
Place the PTFE gasket on the upper plane of the reaction chamber and align the holes. Cover it with the metal base plate, ensuring that the holes of the base and reaction chamber are fully aligned. The copper posts on both sides should face outward for convenient connection to testing equipment.
Each fastening screw should first be inserted into a T-shaped insulating sleeve to prevent the screw from electrically connecting the upper and lower metal parts and causing a short circuit. Align the six screws with the holes and manually screw them in for preliminary fixation. It is not recommended to fully tighten one screw at a time.
After the bottom side is fixed, flip the entire fixture over so that the window installation side faces upward, preparing for installation of the optical window assembly.
Place the quartz or sapphire window into the window recess, lay the sealing gasket, and then cover it with the window cover. When tightening, it is recommended to use a diagonal and step-by-step tightening method to ensure uniform force on the window and avoid window breakage or poor sealing.
After assembly, use a multimeter to connect the copper posts on both sides for short-circuit detection. Confirm that there is no short circuit between the positive and negative electrodes before electrolyte injection, resting for wetting, and subsequent electrochemical testing.
It is recommended to prepare electrode sheets, separators, electrolyte, tweezers, pipette, screwdriver, multimeter, electrochemical workstation, and Raman spectrometer in advance. For air-sensitive systems, such as lithium metal, sodium metal, or certain highly reactive electrolyte systems, assembly and sealing should be completed inside a glove box.
The electrode close to the window directly affects the Raman signal quality. Self-supporting electrodes are recommended, such as carbon paper, carbon cloth, nickel foam, metal mesh, or other substrates that can carry active materials without significantly blocking the laser. For powder materials, the active material can be loaded onto a self-supporting conductive substrate, allowing the laser to effectively irradiate the target reaction area.
If conventional aluminum foil or copper foil coated electrodes are used, attention should be paid to the direction of the testing surface. Avoid placing the current collector on the optical path side; otherwise, the Raman signal may be significantly weakened, or effective electrode signals may not be collected.
The electrolyte amount should be sufficient to fully wet the electrode and separator. It should not be too little or excessive. Too little electrolyte may result in unstable electrochemical contact, while excessive electrolyte may form a thick liquid layer near the window, affecting laser focusing and signal acquisition.
Connect the copper posts on both sides to the positive and negative terminals of the electrochemical workstation. Before formal testing, it is recommended to check the open-circuit voltage, perform impedance testing, or carry out a simple voltage response test to confirm that the cell connection is normal before starting in-situ Raman acquisition.
Place the fixture on the Raman microscope stage with the window facing upward. Adjust the focus so that the laser is focused on the target electrode surface below the window. During testing, appropriate laser wavelength, laser power, integration time, and acquisition interval should be selected according to the material characteristics. For heat-sensitive materials, laser power should be reduced to avoid local ablation or thermally induced structural changes.
It can be used to observe structural changes of layered oxides, phosphates, spinels, and other cathode materials during charge and discharge, helping analyze material phase transitions, lattice distortion, and reversibility.
It is suitable for studying sodium-ion insertion / extraction processes, especially for structural evolution analysis of layered oxides, Prussian blue analogues, hard carbon anodes, and related systems.
It can be used for interfacial studies of lithium metal, sodium metal, zinc metal, and other anode systems, including deposition / stripping processes, electrolyte decomposition, and SEI or interfacial film formation.
It can be used to study the formation, conversion, and migration behavior of polysulfides during sulfur cathode reactions, providing spectroscopic evidence for understanding the shuttle effect and reaction pathways.
For aqueous zinc-ion batteries, aqueous sodium-ion batteries, and related systems, it can be used to observe electrolyte solvation structures, interfacial side reactions, and changes in electrode surface products.
| Precaution | Description |
|---|---|
| Sealing component installation | O-rings and gaskets must be placed flat to avoid misalignment, wrinkles, or damage |
| Electrode alignment | The cathode, separator, and anode should be centered, and the separator must fully cover the electrode |
| Optical path direction | The electrode surface to be tested should face the window |
| Electrode selection | Self-supporting electrodes are preferred, as they help the laser reach the electrode surface |
| Screw tightening | Diagonal, step-by-step, and uniform tightening is recommended to avoid uneven stress on the window |
| Short-circuit check | A multimeter must be used before each test to confirm that there is no short circuit |
| Laser power | Laser power should be reduced for heat-sensitive materials to avoid thermal damage |
| Cleaning and maintenance | Clean electrolyte residue promptly after testing and avoid scratching the window with hard objects |
It can be used for in-situ Raman testing of lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, potassium-ion batteries, lithium metal batteries, sodium metal batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, aqueous zinc-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and some electrocatalytic systems. Specific compatibility should be determined based on electrode size, electrolyte compatibility, and experimental assembly method.
In-situ Raman testing requires the laser to pass through the window and irradiate the electrode surface. If the side close to the window is a thick current collector or opaque substrate, the signal will be blocked. Self-supporting electrodes, such as carbon paper, carbon cloth, metal foam, or active material-loaded metal mesh, allow the laser to reach the active material surface more effectively, thereby improving signal intensity and testing stability.
Quartz windows are suitable for conventional Raman testing, with good optical transmission and a wide application range. Sapphire windows offer higher mechanical strength and wear resistance, making them suitable for experimental conditions that require higher window strength.
The window diameter of the EC600a7 is Ø10 mm, which meets the requirements for conventional in-situ Raman laser focusing and signal acquisition.
The inner diameter of the reaction chamber is Ø20 mm, suitable for assembling small-sized electrodes, separators, and elastic pressure components.
The in-situ battery fixture contains a cathode, separator, anode, and metal conductive components. If the separator shifts, the electrode sheets are misaligned, or the insulating sleeve is not installed correctly, an internal short circuit may occur. Short-circuit detection before each test can reduce the risk of experimental failure and equipment damage.
The spring provides continuous and stable pressure, keeping the electrode and separator in good contact. This helps reduce interfacial impedance and improve electrochemical testing stability.
The following factors can be checked in sequence: whether the electrode testing surface faces the window, whether the window is clean, whether the laser focus is aligned with the electrode surface, whether the electrolyte layer is too thick, whether the electrode substrate blocks the optical path, and whether the laser power and integration time are appropriate. If conditions allow, carbon paper, carbon cloth, and other self-supporting electrodes are recommended to improve signal acquisition.
Structural parts such as the titanium cell body, window cover, base, copper posts, and screws can be reused. O-rings, PTFE / fluororubber gaskets, separators, and electrode sheets are consumables and should be replaced regularly according to experimental conditions.
After testing, the fixture should be disassembled promptly to remove residual electrodes, electrolyte, and separators. Titanium metal parts can be cleaned with suitable solvents according to the electrolyte type. The window should be wiped gently to avoid scratches. All parts should be completely dried before storage.
The Fueiceel® EC600a7 In-situ Raman Battery Cell Fixture is an in-situ testing tool designed for battery materials and electrochemical interface research. With its corrosion-resistant titanium cell body, quartz / sapphire optical window, stable sealing structure, and elastic pressure system, it combines battery operation with Raman spectral acquisition, helping researchers observe real-time changes in electrode materials, interfacial films, electrolytes, and reaction intermediates.
For lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, metal anode batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, aqueous batteries, and other emerging energy storage systems, the EC600a7 can serve as an in-situ Raman testing platform for studying reaction mechanisms, material structural evolution, and interfacial stability.
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| Product Name | Model / Specification | Configuration | Unit | Price (USD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| In Situ Raman Battery Test Fixture | EC600a7 Standard Version | Corrosion-resistant titanium cell body, quartz optical window, PTFE / fluororubber sealing gaskets, copper conductive terminals, and standard fastening hardware | Set | Quote |
| In Situ Raman Battery Test Fixture | EC600a7 Sapphire Window Version | Standard fixture configuration with the optical window upgraded to sapphire for higher-strength testing applications | Set | Quote |
| Quartz Optical Window | Ø24 mm | Replacement optical window for the EC600a7 | 5 pcs | $40.00 |
| Sapphire Optical Window | Ø24 mm | High-strength, wear-resistant optical window | 5 pcs | $80.00 |
| PTFE Sealing Gasket | For EC600a7 (2 × 0.3 mm PTFE gaskets) | Provides electrical insulation and sealing between the window cover, reaction chamber, and base | Set | $10.00 |
| Fluororubber Sealing Gasket | For EC600a7 (2 × 0.3 mm fluororubber gaskets) | Suitable for applications requiring elastic sealing compensation | Set | $10.00 |
| O-Ring | For EC600a7 | Used for sealing the reaction chamber; periodic replacement is recommended | 5 pcs / Set | $6.00 |
| Compression Spring | For EC600a7 | Provides stable clamping force to ensure proper contact between the electrodes and separator | Each | $10.00 |
| Insulator Post | For EC600a7 | Provides internal electrical insulation and prevents short circuits | Each | $10.00 |
| T-Type Insulator | For EC600a7 (6 pcs) | Used with fastening screws to electrically isolate the upper and lower metal components | Set | $12.00 |
| Copper Conductive Terminal | For EC600a7 (2 pcs) | Connects the fixture to the positive and negative terminals of the electrochemical workstation | Each | $2.00 |
| Fastening Screws | For EC600a7 (12 pcs) | Used to secure the window cover, reaction chamber, and base | Set | $12.00 |
Partial references citing our materials (from Google Scholar)
Carbon Dioxide Reduction
1. ACS Nano Strain Relaxation in Metal Alloy Catalysts Steers the Product Selectivity of Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction
The bipolar membrane (Fumasep FBM) in this paper was purchased from SCI Materials Hub, which was used in rechargeable Zn-CO2 battery tests. The authors reported a strain relaxation strategy to determine lattice strains in bimetal MNi alloys (M = Pd, Ag, and Au) and realized an outstanding CO2-to-CO Faradaic efficiency of 96.6% with outstanding activity and durability toward a Zn-CO2 battery.
2. Front. Chem. Boosting Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction on Atomically Dispersed Nickel Catalyst
In this paper, Vulcan XC-72R was purchased from SCI Materials Hub. Vulcan XC 72R carbon is the most common catalyst support used in the anode and cathode electrodes of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC), Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC), Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFC), Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC), Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC), and many more!
3. Adv. Mater. Partially Nitrided Ni Nanoclusters Achieve Energy-Efficient Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction to CO at Ultralow Overpotential
An AEM membrane (Sustainion X37-50 Grade RT, purchased from SCI Materials Hub) was activated in 1 M KOH for 24 h, washed with ultra-purity water prior to use.
4. Adv. Funct. Mater. Nanoconfined Molecular Catalysts in Integrated Gas Diffusion Electrodes for High-Current-Density CO2 Electroreduction
In this paper (Supporting Information), an anion exchanged membrane (Fumasep FAB-PK-130 obtained from SCI Materials Hub (www.scimaterials.cn)) was used to separate the catholyte and anolyte chambers.
SCI Materials Hub: we also recommend our Fumasep FAB-PK-75 for the use in a flow cell.
5. Appl. Catal. B Efficient utilization of nickel single atoms for CO2 electroreduction by constructing 3D interconnected nitrogen-doped carbon tube network
In this paper, the Nafion 117 membrane was obtained from SCI Materials Hub.
In this paper, Proton exchange membrane (Nafion 117), Nafion D520, and Toray 060 carbon paper were purchased from SCI Materials Hub.
7. National Science Review Confinement of ionomer for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction via efficient mass transfer pathways
An anion exchange membrane (PiperION-A15-HCO3) was obtained from SCI Materials Hub.
8. Catalysis Communications Facilitating CO2 electroreduction to C2H4 through facile regulating {100} & {111} grain boundary of Cu2O
Carbon paper (TGPH060), membrane solution (Nafion D520), and ionic membrane (Nafion N117) were obtained from Wuhu Eryi Material Technology Co., Ltd (a company under SCI Materials Hub).
Batteries
1. J. Mater. Chem. A Blocking polysulfides with a Janus Fe3C/N-CNF@RGO electrode via physiochemical confinement and catalytic conversion for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries
Graphene oxide (GO) in this paper was obtained from SCI Materials Hub. The authors introduced a Janus Fe3C/N-CNF@RGO electrode consisting of 1D Fe3C decorated N-doped carbon nanofibers (Fe3C/N-CNFs) side and 2D reduced graphene oxide (RGO) side as the free-standing carrier of Li2S6 catholyte to improve the overall electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries.
This paper used more than 10 kinds of materials from SCI Materials Hub and the authors gave detailed properity comparsion.
The commercial IEMs of Fumasep FAB-PK-130 and Nafion N117 were obtained from SCI Materials Hub.
Gas diffusion layers of GDL340 (CeTech) and SGL39BC (Sigracet) and Nafion dispersion (Nafion D520) were obtained from SCI Materials Hub.
Zn foil (100 mm thickness) and Zn powder were obtained from the SCI Materials Hub.
Commercial 20% Pt/C, 40% Pt/C and IrO2 catalysts were also obtained from SCI Materials Hub.
3. Journal of Energy Chemistry Vanadium oxide nanospheres encapsulated in N-doped carbon nanofibers with morphology and defect dual-engineering toward advanced aqueous zinc-ion batteries
In this paper, carbon cloth (W0S1011) was obtained from SCI Materials Hub. The flexible carbon cloth matrix guaranteed the stabilization of the electrode and improved the conductivity of the cathode.
4. Energy Storage Materials Defect-abundant commercializable 3D carbon papers for fabricating composite Li anode with high loading and long life
The 3D carbon paper (TGPH060 raw paper) were purchased from SCI Materials Hub.
5. Nanomaterials A Stable Rechargeable Aqueous Zn–Air Battery Enabled by Heterogeneous MoS2 Cathode Catalysts
Nafion D520 (5 wt%), and carbon paper (GDL340) were received from SCI-Materials-Hub.
Carbon cloth (W0S1011) and other electrochemical consumables required for air cathode were provided by SCI Materials Hub.
Oxygen Reduction Reaction
1. J. Chem. Eng. Superior Efficiency Hydrogen Peroxide Production in Acidic Media through Epoxy Group Adjacent to Co-O/C Active Centers on Carbon Black
In this paper, Vulcan XC 72 carbon black, ion membrane (Nafion N115, 127 μL), Nafion solution (D520, 5 wt%), and carbon paper (AvCarb GDS 2230 and Spectracarb 2050A-1050) were purchased from SCI Materials Hub.
2. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science Gaining insight into the impact of electronic property and interface electrostatic field on ORR kinetics in alloy engineering via theoretical prognostication and experimental validation
The 20 wt% Pt3M (M = Cr, Co, Cu, Pd, Sn, and Ir) were purchased from SCI Materials Hub. This work places emphasis on the kinetics of the ORR concerning Pt3M (M = Cr, Co, Cu, Pd, Sn, and Ir) catalysts, and integrates theoretical prognostication and experimental validation to illuminate the fundamental principles of alloy engineering.
Water Electrolysis
1. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy Gold as an efficient hydrogen isotope separation catalyst in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis
The cathodic catalysts of Pt/C (20 wt%, 2–3 nm) and Au/C (20 wt%, 4–5 nm) were purchased from SCI Materials Hub.
2. Small Science Silver Compositing Boosts Water Electrolysis Activity and Durability of RuO2 in a Proton-Exchange-Membrane Water Electrolyzer
Two fiber felts (0.35 mm thickness, SCI Materials Hub) were used as the porous transport layers at both the cathode and the anode.
3. Advanced Functional Materials Hierarchical Crystalline/Amorphous Heterostructure MoNi/NiMoOx for Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution with Industry-Level Activity and Stability
Anion-exchange membrane (FAA-3-PK-130) was obtained from SCI Materials Hub website.
Fuel Cells
1. Polymer Sub-two-micron ultrathin proton exchange membrane with reinforced mechanical strength
Gas diffusion electrode (60% Pt/C, Carbon paper) was purchased from SCI Materials Hub.
Characterization
1. Chemical Engineering Journal Electrochemical reconstitution of Prussian blue analogue for coupling furfural electro-oxidation with photo-assisted hydrogen evolution reaction
An Au nanoparticle film was deposited on the total reflecting plane of a single reflection ATR crystal (SCI Materials Hub, Wuhu, China) via sputter coater.
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