Millipore Durapore™ is a classic PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) microporous membrane series under Merck Millipore, offering high flow rates, high throughput, low extractables, and broad chemical compatibility. Durapore™ is available in both hydrophilic and hydrophobic versions, allowing selection based on different experimental scenarios including aqueous samples, protein samples, solvent samples, gas filtration, and air/gas sterilization. According to manufacturer documentation, hydrophilic Durapore™ PVDF membranes exhibit lower protein binding compared to nylon, nitrocellulose, or PTFE membranes, making them suitable for applications where minimizing sample loss and maximizing recovery are priorities.
| Feature | Durapore™ Hydrophilic PVDF Membrane | Durapore™ Hydrophobic PVDF Membrane |
|---|---|---|
| Material | PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) | PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) |
| Surface Property | Hydrophilic, suitable for aqueous samples and biological solutions | Hydrophobic, suitable for gases, air, solvents, and venting filtration |
| Protein Binding | Low protein binding, suitable for high-recovery sample filtration | Higher protein binding than hydrophilic version; typical specification: 150 μg/cm² |
| Typical Applications | Bioburden reduction filtration of biological solutions, protein solution filtration, buffer filtration, aqueous sample clarification, microorganism retention | Air sterilization, gas sterilization, solvent filtration, venting protection, hydrophobic barrier filtration |
| Flow Performance | High water flow rate, suitable for liquid filtration | Good air flow performance; aqueous liquids typically require pre-wetting with compatible solvents such as methanol |
| Suitable Samples | Aqueous solutions, buffers, protein samples, biopharmaceutical pretreatment | Organic solvents, air, gases, non-aqueous samples |
| Common Color/Surface | White, plain surface | White, plain surface |
| Sterilizable | Autoclavable, EtO, or gamma sterilizable; verify by specific catalog number | Autoclavable, EtO, or gamma sterilizable; verify by specific catalog number |
The following parameters are compiled from Merck Millipore Durapore™ official product performance sheets and representative product pages. The Filter Code typically corresponds to the first four digits of the catalog number; actual ordering requires verification of diameter, pack size, and catalog number suffix. Durapore™ general specifications include: white color, plain surface, typical thickness 125 μm, maximum operating temperature 85°C, weight extractables<0.5%, and sterilization options including autoclaving, EtO, or gamma irradiation.
| Series | Filter Code | Pore Size | Wettability | Bubble Point | Water Flow Rate | Air Flow Rate | Protein Binding | Typical Applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Durapore™ PVDF | VVLP | 0.1 μm | Hydrophilic | ≥75 psi, air/water | >4 mL/min/cm² | — | 4 μg/cm² | Fine particle retention, sterile-grade liquid filtration, biological solution filtration |
| Durapore™ PVDF | GVWP | 0.22 μm | Hydrophilic | ≥50 psi, air/water; representative page: ≥3.45 bar | >12 mL/min/cm²; 25 mm representative: >1 mL/min/cm² | 2 L/min/cm² | 4 μg/cm² | Bioburden reduction filtration of biological solutions, protein sample filtration, buffer filtration |
| Durapore™ PVDF | HVLP | 0.45 μm | Hydrophilic | ≥22 psi, air/water; representative page: ≥1.55 bar | >34 mL/min/cm²; 90 mm representative: >2.6 mL/min/cm² | 4 L/min/cm² | 4 μg/cm² | Routine clarification filtration, microorganism retention, particle monitoring |
| Durapore™ PVDF | DVPP | 0.65 μm | Hydrophilic | ≥15 psi, air/water | >78 mL/min/cm² | — | 4 μg/cm² | Large particle removal, microorganism retention, rapid clarification filtration |
| Durapore™ PVDF | SVLP | 5.0 μm | Hydrophilic | ≥3 psi, air/water | >208 mL/min/cm² | — | 4 μg/cm² | Biological solution clarification, particle monitoring, sample pre-filtration |
| Durapore™ PVDF | VVHP | 0.1 μm | Hydrophobic | ≥26 psi, air/methanol | — | 0.9 L/min/cm² | 150 μg/cm² | Gas filtration, air filtration, fine particle barrier |
| Durapore™ PVDF | GVHP | 0.22 μm | Hydrophobic | ≥18 psi, air/methanol; representative page: ≥1.24 bar | Water flow measurable after methanol pre-wetting | 1.7 L/min/cm²; 90 mm representative: ≥16 mL/min/cm² Gurley | 150 μg/cm² | Air sterilization, gas sterilization, solvent filtration |
| Durapore™ PVDF | HVHP | 0.45 μm | Hydrophobic | ≥9 psi, air/methanol | — | 4.9 L/min/cm² | 150 μg/cm² | Solvent filtration, gas filtration, venting protection |
Durapore™ hydrophilic PVDF membranes are suitable for aqueous samples, biological solutions, and protein sample filtration. Their low protein binding properties help reduce non-specific interactions between samples and the membrane material, making them ideal for filtering protein solutions, enzyme solutions, buffers, culture media, cell supernatants, and laboratory aqueous solutions. The 0.22 μm or smaller pore sizes are commonly used for liquid sterilization filtration, while 0.45 μm or larger pore sizes are suitable for retaining larger microorganisms, particle monitoring, and clarification filtration.
Durapore™ hydrophobic PVDF membranes are suitable for air sterilization, gas sterilization, solvent filtration, venting protection, aeration filtration, and hydrophobic barrier applications. Representative GVHP 0.22 μm hydrophobic PVDF product pages explicitly list Air sterilization, Gas sterilization, and Solvent filtration as key applications. Water flow rate parameters are measured under methanol pre-wetting conditions, making direct aqueous sample filtration less convenient compared to the hydrophilic version.
| Application Requirement | Recommended Type | Recommended Pore Size | Selection Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|
| Protein sample filtration | Hydrophilic PVDF | 0.22 μm / 0.45 μm | Low protein binding reduces sample loss and improves recovery |
| Bioburden reduction filtration of biological solutions | Hydrophilic PVDF | 0.22 μm or smaller | Suitable for liquid sterilization filtration; commonly used to remove bacteria, molds, and yeasts |
| Routine aqueous solution clarification | Hydrophilic PVDF | 0.45 μm | Faster flow rate, suitable for routine particle removal |
| High-particle-load sample pre-filtration | Hydrophilic PVDF | 0.65 μm / 5.0 μm | Larger pores provide higher flow rates, reducing clogging risk for subsequent fine filtration |
| Air/gas sterilization | Hydrophobic PVDF | 0.22 μm | Hydrophobic membrane allows gas passage and serves as an air/gas sterilization barrier |
| Organic solvent filtration | Hydrophobic PVDF | 0.22 μm / 0.45 μm | Suitable for non-aqueous systems and solvent filtration scenarios |
| Venting protection / aeration filtration | Hydrophobic PVDF | 0.22 μm / 0.45 μm | Hydrophobicity prevents aqueous liquid entry while allowing gas exchange |
| Microorganism retention and culture | Hydrophilic PVDF | 0.45 μm or larger | Suitable for retaining larger biological contaminants and supporting subsequent culture analysis |
Select pore size based on experimental objectives: 0.22 μm or smaller for sterilization filtration, 0.45 μm for routine clarification, and 0.65 μm or 5.0 μm for pre-filtration of turbid samples.
Place the membrane flat into the filter holder, ensuring it is free from creases, contamination, and damage.
Pre-wet the membrane with a small volume of the sample solution or a compatible buffer to eliminate air bubbles from the membrane surface.
Add the sample and begin filtration using vacuum filtration, positive pressure, syringe filtration, or a filter holder setup.
After filtration, collect the filtrate or retain the membrane-retained material based on the experimental objective.
For microbiological or biological sample processing, verify whether the membrane is sterile or requires sterilization prior to use according to protocol requirements.
For gas, air, venting protection, and organic solvent filtration, hydrophobic Durapore™ PVDF is the preferred choice.
Direct aqueous sample filtration with hydrophobic membranes is not recommended as a first choice. If hydrophobic membranes must be used for aqueous systems, pre-wet with a compatible solvent such as methanol or ethanol first, then rinse with water or buffer.
For gas filtration, confirm gas flow direction, filtration area, pressure range, and seal integrity.
Before solvent filtration, verify the material compatibility of the entire system, including the membrane, housing, gaskets, connectors, and filter apparatus.
After use, dispose of used membranes according to sample properties and laboratory safety regulations to avoid secondary contamination from residual organic solvents, biological contaminants, or hazardous chemicals.
| Precautions | Description |
|---|---|
| Do not interchange hydrophilic/hydrophobic | For aqueous samples, prioritize hydrophilic PVDF; for gas/solvent/venting applications, prioritize hydrophobic PVDF |
| Prioritize hydrophilic for protein samples | Hydrophilic Durapore™ PVDF has low protein binding (typical specification: 4 μg/cm² per performance data) |
| Hydrophobic type requires pre-wetting for aqueous samples | Hydrophobic PVDF is not easily wetted by water; water flow rates are typically measured after methanol pre-wetting |
| Control pressure and flow rate | Excessive pressure may cause membrane deformation, rupture, or reduced retention efficiency |
| Pre-filter turbid samples | High-particle samples filtered directly through 0.22 μm are prone to clogging; pre-treatment with larger pore size membranes is recommended |
| Verify sterilization method | Durapore™ general specifications support autoclaving, EtO, or gamma sterilization; however, specific products must be verified by catalog number |
| Verify full-system compatibility | PVDF membranes offer good compatibility, but filter funnels, holders, gaskets, and connectors must also be compatible with the sample |
| Confirm non-sterile packaging | Many disc membranes are supplied non-sterile; for sterile applications, confirm the sterilization process |
Q1: What is the main difference between Durapore™ hydrophilic and hydrophobic PVDF membranes?
A: Hydrophilic membranes are suitable for aqueous samples, biological solutions, and protein sample filtration; hydrophobic membranes are suitable for air, gas, solvents, venting protection, and aeration filtration.
Q2: Which membrane should I choose for protein solution filtration?
A: Durapore™ hydrophilic PVDF is recommended. Its low protein binding helps minimize sample loss and is suitable for experiments requiring maximum recovery.
Q3: Which membrane should I choose for air or gas filtration?
A: Durapore™ hydrophobic PVDF is recommended, with 0.22 μm or 0.45 μm commonly used for air sterilization, gas sterilization, and venting protection.
Q4: How do I choose between 0.22 μm and 0.45 μm?
A: 0.22 μm is better suited for sterile-grade filtration and higher retention requirements; 0.45 μm is better for routine clarification, microorganism retention, and particle monitoring, typically offering faster flow rates.
Q5: Can hydrophobic PVDF be used for aqueous solutions?
A: It can be used after pre-wetting, but it is not recommended as the first choice for aqueous samples. For aqueous solutions, buffers, or biological solutions, hydrophilic PVDF is generally more convenient.
Q6: What is the difference between Durapore™ PVDF and PTFE membranes?
A: PVDF is particularly well-suited for low protein binding and biological sample filtration; PTFE generally offers stronger chemical inertness and is often used for aggressive solvents, strong acids/bases, or specialized chemical systems. Aqueous protein samples are generally best handled with hydrophilic PVDF.
Q7: Can Durapore™ PVDF be used for sterilization filtration?
A: Yes. Hydrophilic Durapore™ PVDF with 0.22 μm or smaller pore sizes can be used for liquid sterilization filtration; hydrophobic 0.22 μm versions are commonly used for air or gas sterilization. Conformance to specific process requirements should be verified against the sample matrix, validation conditions, and corresponding catalog documentation.
Q8: Is Durapore™ PVDF low in extractables?
A: Yes. Manufacturer documentation describes Durapore™ as a low-extractable membrane, with general specifications listing weight extractables as<0.5%, making it suitable for experiments where filter leachables are a concern.
The core advantages of Millipore Durapore™ PVDF membranes are high flow rates, high throughput, low extractables, broad chemical compatibility, and low protein binding. For aqueous samples, biological solutions, protein samples, and liquid sterilization filtration, Durapore™ hydrophilic PVDF is recommended. For air sterilization, gas filtration, solvent filtration, venting protection, and hydrophobic barrier applications, Durapore™ hydrophobic PVDF is recommended. When making a final selection, consider sample properties, pore size, filtration area, flow rate, protein binding, sterilization methods, and overall filtration device compatibility.
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| Product Name | 0.1μm (VVLP) | 0.22μm (GVWP) | 0.22μm (CCGL, Charged) | 0.45μm (HVLP) | 0.45μm (HVWG) | 0.65μm (DVPP) | 5.0μm (SVLP) | 5.0μm (SVWG) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Millipore Durapore Hydrophilic PVDF Membrane, 30cm × 3m, 1 roll/pk | VVLP00010 $784 | GVWP00010 $1,749 | — | HVLP00010 $1,753 | — | DVPP00010 $825 | — | — |
| Millipore Durapore Hydrophilic PVDF Membrane, Φ13mm, 100/pk | VVLP01300 $266 | GVWP01300 $266 | — | HVLP01300 $266 | — | DVPP01300 $266 | SVLP01300 $266 | — |
| Millipore Durapore Hydrophilic PVDF Membrane, Φ25mm, 100/pk | VVLP02500 $323 | GVWP02500 $323 | — | HVLP02500 $323 | — | DVPP02500 $323 | SVLP02500 $323 | — |
| Millipore Durapore Hydrophilic PVDF Membrane, Φ47mm, 100/pk | VVLP04700 $413 | GVWP04700 $413 | — | HVLP04700 $413 | HVWG04700 $486 | DVPP04700 $413 | SVLP04700 $447 | SVWG04700 $533 |
| Millipore Durapore Hydrophilic PVDF Membrane, Φ90mm, 50/pk | VVLP09050 $556 | GVWP09050 $556 | — | HVLP09050 $556 | — | DVPP09050 $556 | SVLP09050 $757 | — |
| Millipore Durapore Hydrophilic PVDF Membrane, Φ90mm, 25/pk | — | — | CCGL09025 $926 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Millipore Durapore Hydrophilic PVDF Membrane, Φ142mm, 50/pk | VVLP14250 $985 | GVWP14250 $985 | — | HVLP14250 $985 | — | DVPP14250 $985 | — | — |
| Millipore Durapore Hydrophilic PVDF Membrane, Φ293mm, 25/pk | — | — | — | — | — | DVPP29325 $1,747 | — | — |
Partial references citing our materials (from Google Scholar)
Carbon Dioxide Reduction
1. ACS Nano Strain Relaxation in Metal Alloy Catalysts Steers the Product Selectivity of Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction
The bipolar membrane (Fumasep FBM) in this paper was purchased from SCI Materials Hub, which was used in rechargeable Zn-CO2 battery tests. The authors reported a strain relaxation strategy to determine lattice strains in bimetal MNi alloys (M = Pd, Ag, and Au) and realized an outstanding CO2-to-CO Faradaic efficiency of 96.6% with outstanding activity and durability toward a Zn-CO2 battery.
2. Front. Chem. Boosting Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction on Atomically Dispersed Nickel Catalyst
In this paper, Vulcan XC-72R was purchased from SCI Materials Hub. Vulcan XC 72R carbon is the most common catalyst support used in the anode and cathode electrodes of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC), Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC), Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFC), Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC), Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC), and many more!
3. Adv. Mater. Partially Nitrided Ni Nanoclusters Achieve Energy-Efficient Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction to CO at Ultralow Overpotential
An AEM membrane (Sustainion X37-50 Grade RT, purchased from SCI Materials Hub) was activated in 1 M KOH for 24 h, washed with ultra-purity water prior to use.
4. Adv. Funct. Mater. Nanoconfined Molecular Catalysts in Integrated Gas Diffusion Electrodes for High-Current-Density CO2 Electroreduction
In this paper (Supporting Information), an anion exchanged membrane (Fumasep FAB-PK-130 obtained from SCI Materials Hub (www.scimaterials.cn)) was used to separate the catholyte and anolyte chambers.
SCI Materials Hub: we also recommend our Fumasep FAB-PK-75 for the use in a flow cell.
5. Appl. Catal. B Efficient utilization of nickel single atoms for CO2 electroreduction by constructing 3D interconnected nitrogen-doped carbon tube network
In this paper, the Nafion 117 membrane was obtained from SCI Materials Hub.
In this paper, Proton exchange membrane (Nafion 117), Nafion D520, and Toray 060 carbon paper were purchased from SCI Materials Hub.
7. National Science Review Confinement of ionomer for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction via efficient mass transfer pathways
An anion exchange membrane (PiperION-A15-HCO3) was obtained from SCI Materials Hub.
8. Catalysis Communications Facilitating CO2 electroreduction to C2H4 through facile regulating {100} & {111} grain boundary of Cu2O
Carbon paper (TGPH060), membrane solution (Nafion D520), and ionic membrane (Nafion N117) were obtained from Wuhu Eryi Material Technology Co., Ltd (a company under SCI Materials Hub).
Batteries
1. J. Mater. Chem. A Blocking polysulfides with a Janus Fe3C/N-CNF@RGO electrode via physiochemical confinement and catalytic conversion for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries
Graphene oxide (GO) in this paper was obtained from SCI Materials Hub. The authors introduced a Janus Fe3C/N-CNF@RGO electrode consisting of 1D Fe3C decorated N-doped carbon nanofibers (Fe3C/N-CNFs) side and 2D reduced graphene oxide (RGO) side as the free-standing carrier of Li2S6 catholyte to improve the overall electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries.
This paper used more than 10 kinds of materials from SCI Materials Hub and the authors gave detailed properity comparsion.
The commercial IEMs of Fumasep FAB-PK-130 and Nafion N117 were obtained from SCI Materials Hub.
Gas diffusion layers of GDL340 (CeTech) and SGL39BC (Sigracet) and Nafion dispersion (Nafion D520) were obtained from SCI Materials Hub.
Zn foil (100 mm thickness) and Zn powder were obtained from the SCI Materials Hub.
Commercial 20% Pt/C, 40% Pt/C and IrO2 catalysts were also obtained from SCI Materials Hub.
3. Journal of Energy Chemistry Vanadium oxide nanospheres encapsulated in N-doped carbon nanofibers with morphology and defect dual-engineering toward advanced aqueous zinc-ion batteries
In this paper, carbon cloth (W0S1011) was obtained from SCI Materials Hub. The flexible carbon cloth matrix guaranteed the stabilization of the electrode and improved the conductivity of the cathode.
4. Energy Storage Materials Defect-abundant commercializable 3D carbon papers for fabricating composite Li anode with high loading and long life
The 3D carbon paper (TGPH060 raw paper) were purchased from SCI Materials Hub.
5. Nanomaterials A Stable Rechargeable Aqueous Zn–Air Battery Enabled by Heterogeneous MoS2 Cathode Catalysts
Nafion D520 (5 wt%), and carbon paper (GDL340) were received from SCI-Materials-Hub.
Carbon cloth (W0S1011) and other electrochemical consumables required for air cathode were provided by SCI Materials Hub.
Oxygen Reduction Reaction
1. J. Chem. Eng. Superior Efficiency Hydrogen Peroxide Production in Acidic Media through Epoxy Group Adjacent to Co-O/C Active Centers on Carbon Black
In this paper, Vulcan XC 72 carbon black, ion membrane (Nafion N115, 127 μL), Nafion solution (D520, 5 wt%), and carbon paper (AvCarb GDS 2230 and Spectracarb 2050A-1050) were purchased from SCI Materials Hub.
2. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science Gaining insight into the impact of electronic property and interface electrostatic field on ORR kinetics in alloy engineering via theoretical prognostication and experimental validation
The 20 wt% Pt3M (M = Cr, Co, Cu, Pd, Sn, and Ir) were purchased from SCI Materials Hub. This work places emphasis on the kinetics of the ORR concerning Pt3M (M = Cr, Co, Cu, Pd, Sn, and Ir) catalysts, and integrates theoretical prognostication and experimental validation to illuminate the fundamental principles of alloy engineering.
Water Electrolysis
1. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy Gold as an efficient hydrogen isotope separation catalyst in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis
The cathodic catalysts of Pt/C (20 wt%, 2–3 nm) and Au/C (20 wt%, 4–5 nm) were purchased from SCI Materials Hub.
2. Small Science Silver Compositing Boosts Water Electrolysis Activity and Durability of RuO2 in a Proton-Exchange-Membrane Water Electrolyzer
Two fiber felts (0.35 mm thickness, SCI Materials Hub) were used as the porous transport layers at both the cathode and the anode.
3. Advanced Functional Materials Hierarchical Crystalline/Amorphous Heterostructure MoNi/NiMoOx for Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution with Industry-Level Activity and Stability
Anion-exchange membrane (FAA-3-PK-130) was obtained from SCI Materials Hub website.
Fuel Cells
1. Polymer Sub-two-micron ultrathin proton exchange membrane with reinforced mechanical strength
Gas diffusion electrode (60% Pt/C, Carbon paper) was purchased from SCI Materials Hub.
Characterization
1. Chemical Engineering Journal Electrochemical reconstitution of Prussian blue analogue for coupling furfural electro-oxidation with photo-assisted hydrogen evolution reaction
An Au nanoparticle film was deposited on the total reflecting plane of a single reflection ATR crystal (SCI Materials Hub, Wuhu, China) via sputter coater.
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